Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Activity 1: Tissue Types 1-1: List the four types of tissue found in the human body and give an example of each. 1. Epithelial example: Skin 2. Connective example: Tendons 3. Muscle example: Muscles of heart 4. Nervous example: Brain Activity 2: Epithelial tissue 2-1: What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported of connective tissue, Avascular but innervated, Regeneration 2-2: What is the function of epithelial tissue? protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion, sensory reception 2-3: Where is epithelial tissue found? Outer layer of skin, lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory system, also covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity 2-4: This is a cross section of the esophagus. Number 1 represents the lumen of the esophagus. Identify the tissue types indicated by 2 and 3. 2. Stratified squamous epithel 3. Dense irregular connective tissue 2-5: Below is a picture of intestinal villi. Identify the tissue type at 1 and the cell type at 3. 1. Simple columnar epithelium 3. Goblet cells 2-6: Below is a photo of the trachea. Identify the cell modifications at 1, and the tissue types at 2 and 3. 1. cillia 2. Pseudostratified epithelial layer 3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 2-7: Identify the tissue type at 1 below: Simple columnar epithelium 2-8: The picture below shows kidney tubules. Identify the tissue type at 1 and 3: 1. Outer wall composed of simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Nucleus of a simple cuboidal epithelial cell 2-9: The picture below shows a cross-section of a lung. The areas labeled 2 are alveoli, the air sacs of the lungs. What type tissue is 1? Simple squamous epithelium 2-10: Identify the tissue or cell types or component below. 1. (tissue type) Epithelium 2. (tissue type) Lamina Propia 3. Cillia 4. Mucin in globlet cell 5. Cilliated cells of pseudostratified epithelium Activity 3: Connective tissue 3-1: What are the characteristics of connective tissue? Common origin, Degrees of vascularity, Extracelluar matrix 3-2: What are the functions of connective tissue? binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation of substances within the body 3-3: Where would you find connective tissue? everywhere in the body, mostly in the primary tissue 3-4: The slide below is a section of the small intestine. In this tissue, the collagen fibers are interwoven and irregularly arranged (i.e. they run in more than one direction), which provides great structural strength. The tissue is well suited for areas where tension is exerted from many different directions, such as the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and fibrous capsules of organs and joints. It also forms fascia, the tough, white material that surrounds muscles. What classification of connective tissue is the area marked by 1? Dense irregular 3-5: The tissue below is a loose connective tissue comprised of a semi-fluid ground substance containing several kinds of loosely-arranged fibers and cells. This is the most widespread type of connective tissue. It is found in every microscopic section of the body, fastening down the skin, membranes, vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and other parts  together. There are two types of fibers, the most numerous of which are thicker, lightly-staining collagenous fibers that crisscross the matrix in a random fashion. Thinner, more darkly stained elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. The principal type of cells seen are lightly-staining fibroblasts that secrete the matrix materials. Identify: 1. Fibroblast nuclei 2. Collagen Fiber 3. Elastic Fibers 3-6: This slide shows a section of a tendon with regularly arranged closely packed collagen fibers running in the same direction. This results in a flexible tissue with great resistance to pulling forces. With its enormous tensile strength, this tissue forms cord like tendons, which join muscles to bones, sheet-like aponeuroses, which attach muscles to muscles or muscles to bones, and ligaments, which bind bones together at joints. What classification of connective tissue is this? Dense regular The nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these? Collagen Fibers 3-7: The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage and do not form ground substance or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with white spaces connected together in a network. The cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat-filled vacuole that occupies the center of the cell. Identify: 1. Cell membrane 2. Cell nucleus 3. Fat Vacuoles 3-8: The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe). Rings of hyaline cartilage embedded within the walls of the trachea provide support and help to maintain an open airway. Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in the body, making up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the sternum and covering the articulating surfaces of bones. When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color. Cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix, which consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces in the matrix called lacunae. The surface of all cartilage (except for articular cartilage) is covered by a membrane of connective tissue fibers called the perichondrium. Although the perichondrium is well-vascularized, cartilage tissue proper is avascular, which means that oxygen and nutrients have to diffu se from blood vessels in the perichondrium to the chondrocytes within the cartilage proper. Identify: 1. Cartilage matrix 2. Chondrocytes 3. Perichondrium 4. Adipose cells (Hint for 4: see previous slide) 3-9: This image shows a dried section of compact bone. Like cartilage, bone cells (osteocytes) occupy spaces (lacunae) found within the dense matrix. A major difference, however, is that the matrix is calcified in bone, which endows bone with the property of hardness and the ability to resist compressive forces. This calcified matrix is deposited in layers called lamellae (singular = lamella) approximately 3-7 microns thick. The most common unit of structure in compact bone is the Haversian system or osteon. In each Haversian system, the lamellae are arranged concentrically around a central Haversian canal which houses nerves and blood vessels (unlike cartilage, bone is well supplied with blood vessels). The lacunae that house  mature osteocytes in living bone appear as tapered, black spaces arranged around the concentric lamellae. Slender, branching tubules called canaliculi (little canals) radiate out from the lacunae to form an extensive network of passageways that connect the b one cells to each other and to the blood supply in the Haversian canal. Identify: 1. Lacunae 2. Haversian canal 3. Lamellae 3-10: What type connective tissue is pictured below? Blood 3-11: What is the matrix of this connective tissue? plasma, no fibers 3-12: What are the living cells of this connective tissue? Erythocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets 3-13: What is the function of this connective tissue? Carry O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, and other substances 3-14: Identify: 1. platelets 2. neutrophils 3. lymphocytes 4. erthocytes 5. monocytes Activity 4: Muscle tissue 4-1: What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? Conductivity, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity The image below shows a longitudinal view of a type of muscle. Note the multiple nuclei that lie at the periphery of the muscle fibers as well as the striations (thin lines) formed by the arrangement of the thick and thin  myofilaments. It is the arrangement of these myofilaments that results in the A bands, I bands and Z lines that run perpendicular to the long axis of the myofibrils. 4-2: What type muscle tissue is this? Skeletal 4-3: Is this type muscle voluntary or involuntary? Voluntary 4-4: What is its function? locomotion, manipulation of the enviroment, facial expression, voluntary control 4-5: Identify: 1. Muscle cell nuclei 2. Muscle fiber Although the muscle below is striated, the striations are not so readily apparent as in the muscle above. These muscle cells are short, branched and interconnected. Each cell usually contains one centrally located nucleus. These muscle cells are joined end-to-end at specialized junctional zones called intercalated discs [pointed to by the blue arrows]. These discs allow force to be transmitted from one cell to another. Additionally, they contain gap junctions that allow an action potential in one cell to pass directly to an adjoining cell through these electrical synapses. 4-6: What type muscle tissue is this? Cardiac 4-7: Is it voluntary, or involuntary? involuntary 4-8: Where is it found? in the walls of the heart 4-9: This slide shows a longitudinal section of muscle that has been teased apart to reveal the individual muscle cells. Note the spindle shaped muscle fibers, each of which has a single, elongated nucleus. This type muscle is the simplest of the three types of muscle tissue. It is found where slow, sustained contractions are needed such as in the digestive tract, uterus and other internal organs. Involuntary in nature, its actions are under control of the autonomic nervous system. What type muscle is this? Smooth 4-10: The picture below is a close-up view of a single cell from above. Identify 1: Nuclei 4-11: This slide shows a cross section of the duodenum (a portion of the small intestine). Note that there are two relatively thick layers of smooth muscle cells that run perpendicular to one another, an outer (thinner) longitudinal layer and an inner (much thicker) circular layer of smooth muscle. Peristaltic contractions of these two opposing layers of muscle keep food moving through the gut. 1. Submucosal connective tissue 2. Circular smooth muscle layer 3. Longitudinal smooth muscle layer Activity 5: Nervous tissue 5-1: Name the functional cell of nervous tissue. Neurons 5-2: The slide below shows a magnified view of a multipolar neuron from the spinal cord. Note the cell body with its prominent nucleus and nucleolus and the origin of cell processes called axons and dendrites. The numerous small, darkly stained dots are the nuclei of glial cells, primarily astrocytes.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Conduit Metaphor :: Conduit Metaphor Essays

Conduit Metaphor The idea of conduit metaphor can be found in the article "Body, Brain, and Communication: An interview with George Lakeoff" by "Iain A. Boal". In this article the person interviewed is George Lakeoff a linguistics professor at University of California (Berkeley). Boal in this article discusses what the conduit metaphor really means and what significance it holds for common people. In this article, other aspect of conduit metaphor that is discussed includes communication on the World Wide Web. Conduit metaphor is a metaphor that describes communication between two mediums. Conduit metaphor proposes that ideas are objects and are transferred via a channel. Although it has its own limitations, it is very important in our society, today. Let us begin by discussing how conduit metaphor's discoverer, Michael Reddy, defined it. According to Reddy "our major metaphor for communication can be derived from a general metaphor for mind in which ideas are considered as objects and thought as manipulation of objects"; memory acts as storage. So, ideas or objects can be retrieved from the memory. Taking this into consideration he came up with the theory of conduit metaphor which he described ideas as objects that can be put into words; language was described by a Reddy as a container, and thus you send ideas in words over a conduit (a channel of communication) to someone else who then extracts the ideas from the words. So, it is implied that understanding of an idea or concept is achieved intuitively in the brain and thus a better conduit leads to a better understanding of what is being said. Lots of examples can be found from our dialect, which are in accordance with this conduit metaphor theory. E.g. "Did you get it", "The professor stuffed our heads with so many things today", "It went right over my head"etc. are all examples that imply that something (an idea) was being sent out and the listener had to grab it. One thing that comes as an immediate result of conduit metaphor is that ideas can be extracted, and that it is possible for them to exist independently of people. This implies that meaning is a thing. This may seem like a very provocative idea to a common naive person. But it is true only in certain special circumstances and fails to work in certain cases. Let's take an example. I emigrated from India to U.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Higher education be emphasizing in developed countries Essay

The reports around the world that follow shall present the actual situation of people around the world as they face the challenges of being able to gain the possibility of receiving the privilege of taking higher education in consideration. From: g83 9/8 p. 30 Watching the World ? American government statistics show that one in every four students who enter a U. S. public high school as freshmen will not receive a diploma four years later. A review of the class of 1981, for example, shows that of the nearly 3. 8 million students who enrolled as freshmen four years earlier, over one million failed to graduate. Experts at the National Center for Education Statistics report that most of them simply dropped out of school. From: g83 9/8 p. 30 Watching the World ? What about the echelons of higher education? The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) has uncovered at least 38 mail-order â€Å"universities† in the United States, Canada and Europe that offer â€Å"diplomas and medical degrees for a fee without requiring their graduates to do any school work or even attend classes,† reports The Globe and Mail of Toronto, Canada. A medical degree can be bought for as little as $600 (U.S. ), but in at least one case, a Ph. D. costs $5,000. None of these â€Å"universities† actually exist, says the FBI, and many addresses turned out to be mail-service agencies, which forwarded the mail to a New York City apartment. Who are the â€Å"graduates†? They include â€Å"a high-ranking Washington official, a National Football League player, employees of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and state, municipal and federal employees in the United States,† says the report. From: g76 9/8 p. 31 Watching the World? In New York State, the deans of eight medical schools warned that the cost of training doctors has risen so much that in the future the profession may be only for the children of the rich. Soaring tuition fees and other costs, as well as cuts in federal and state aid to such schools, have put a medical education beyond the budget of most poorer families. In 1973 more than half the applicants to these schools were from families with incomes of less than $12,000 annually. Last year, only 32 percent were. From: w82 7/15 p. 13 Education—What It Costs, What It Offers ***? Some wonder whether they should direct their children toward a university education. Why? In a poor country, a university education may seem the best way to get ahead. It may appear to offer financial security, and even more. A Nigerian educator said: â€Å"Fathers . . . want their children to become medical doctors, engineers, architects, accountants in order to raise the social status of their families. † From: w82 7/15 p. 13 Education—What It Costs, What It Offers ? The Nigeria Daily Times referred to the financial cost: â€Å"Communities have taxed . . .themselves heavily; parents have forgone luxurious and sometimes badly needed items, while gainfully employed youths have put in substantial parts of their earnings, all in a bid to ensure that their children, wards and themselves partake of the fruits of higher education. † From the reports that were presented herein, it is noticeable enough to understand that eventhough education as it is was able to become strongly encouraged by the governments and the learning institutions themselves to be taken advantage by the society, the said service of learning in terms of higher education has been too much costly for some members of the society. Moreover, the situation could be noted as a primary problem that should be noted especially by the government administrations of the developing countries. Making education a feasible matter of progress shall indeed ensure a country of a better future ahead. Like for example, making trade-based vocational courses available for the less fortunate is one particular process by which a certain type of higher education could be attained by those individuals who are economically challenged. Many parents feel that the potential benefits of a university education are not worth the possible horrendous costs, especially where the children would have to go unsupervised to another city or country. Instead, they direct their children toward some trade. For example, while in secondary school, are there courses in various trades that could help a youth to learn a skill that would enable him to make a living after he graduates? In some lands, there are specialized trade schools of about a year’s duration where skills can be learned, or those begun in secondary school can be more highly developed. Tertiary learning may at all be essential to the growth of the entire society today. However, considering the fact that most institutions offering the said programs offer the said learning advancements at a heightened cost, the national progress being tried to attain through education may be in a hard manner to be gripped.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa ) - 1602 Words

ABSTRACT: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an ever-increasing problem affecting millions of people in the United States. The prevalence of OSA has risen drastically over the past few decades concurrently with the increasing prevalence of obesity. Subsequently, there has been an ever-increasing rise in the use of CPAP. While there are many adverse effects to the use of CPAP, the majority are described as being relatively benign. Here we discuss a case of significant sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in relation to a suspected perilymphatic from traumatic barotrauma resulting from excessive self-titration of CPAP in an in-home setting. INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, yet under recognized condition. It is estimated that some form of OSA affects approximately 17% of the adult population. Over the years, this number has consistently increased possibly secondary to the rising prevalence of obesity in the population [1]. The pathophysiology of OSA is postulated to be related to decreased parasympathetic activity during sleep, leading to decreased muscle tone in the upper airway, which can lead to repetitive collapse of the upper airway, causing the characteristic apneic or hypopneic events that define the diagnosis of OSA [2]. The traditional treatment for patients with OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) [3]. CPAP prevents the collapse of the upper airway by providing continuous positive pressure to the oro- and naso-pharynx.Show MoreRelatedObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa ) Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major health problem, as more than 22 million adults i n the U.S suffer from OSA.1 The prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in older adults aged 65 and over is twice as high as that in middle-aged adults.2 Unfortunately, estimates suggest that 85% of individuals with moderate to severe OSA remain undiagnosed.3 Individuals with untreated moderate to severe OSA are at a greater risk for depression (DEP), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia compared to individualsRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1220 Words   |  5 Pages Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep–breathing disorder characterized by momentary episodes of either complete breathing cessation for periods of ten seconds or more (apnea) or significant reductions in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) caused by a collapsed or obstructed airway; these two conditions can lead to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in blood) and hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in blood). 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When breathing has resumed from its apneic state, there is usually a loud gasping snore and orRead MoreStudy Design And Population Of Pediatric Sleep Centre1676 Words   |  7 PagesMETHODS Study design and population This is a prospective case series study that enrolled 66 children aged 5 − 18 years who were presented with nocturnal enuresis (NE). The study was conducted in two centers; Pediatric Sleep Centre (Rome, Italy) where 28 children enrolled and Alexandria Main University Hospital (Alexandria, Egypt) where 38 children enrolled. 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(1)Read MoreResearch Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article1077 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 26, 2012 Research Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article The population who are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often experience daytime drowsiness and are at risk for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and other vascular related problems (Hsu et al., 2007). There are several treatment options for people with OSA, which are weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), dental appliances, and surgical procedure. This study evaluates