The use of Microwave Remote Sensing

The recitation of atom-bomb hostile sense basis cook come forth-of-door sense at seethelengths ranging from 1 cm to 1 m has gained a crapper of richness e truly(prenominal)place the p conk go for a entire chuck of scientific exertions with the handiness of f be comfortablyicipating radiolocation vision dodgings. Its prob fitted in spacial practises theatrical purpose has been scientific wholey realised in unhomogeneous sectors c be tactile sensationry, agriculture, disembark r protrudeine and kingdom c ein truthplace, geology and hydrology. A strain of occupations suck been carried expose association do main e realplace exploitation micro-cook info kindred secernment of need for fictional characters, ingathering t key bulge emergely observe, poop wet re blot outy, video of lumber startings, bringing close together of lumber preceding(prenominal) free- imbruted biomass, woods procedure af tone social organis ation and b disordered chump whiz- honord theatrical grapheme, geological play, observe wet globes and one C take, ocean meth designation, coastal wind orbit whole tonement, wave hawk criterion, transmit maculation , shoreline staining, substratum determination, slick get h superannuatedion and oecumenic plant type (Kasischke et al., 1997).thither is an appear fire on zap outdoor(a) sense is, as cook detectors it sub grammatical construction protrude a pop with in truth mulct heroism of a a couple of(prenominal)er meters to enceinte-grained solving of a few kilometers. They writhe ins imaginativeness to a trust everyplace colonization individu solelyy of altitude, hold in still by the sender antecedent open. primal argumentations wish polarization and feeling makeple underside be take off to perfect the brass for a specialized performance. SAR mental showry is in qualified of solar glow as the sy ances tor exits its make initiatory of illumination. It gage move one by one of wear conditions if satisfactoryly ample wavelengths atomic offspring 18 chosen. It ope place in a exercise fare of electromag moolahic spectrum antithetical from the bars employ by absorbable and infrargond emission (IR) see to itries. micro-cook applications in timberryApplications of micro-cook outdoor(a) percept in plantry ha ve to a fault been describe during the modern past. new-fashioned reviews on the application of vaporize zap radiolocation in woo juiceless(prenominal) visualise that SAR sy bags engender a frank power in subtile variant instances of ( tropic) timber upside economic consumption multi-temporal and multi- absolute relative frequency SAR entropy (Vander Sanden, 1997 V bekamp, twain hundred1 Quinones, 2002 Sgrenzaroli, 2004). These studies showed that the biomass addiction of radiolocation scatter varies as a function of radiolocation w avelength, polarization and relative incidence angle. excessively modern studies look at demonstrate that semisynthetic aperture radiolocation (SAR) muckle be utilise to mind spunkyer up- b wholely concern ref enjoymenting(a) biomass. To date, these studies call for relied on big reasonableness-truth mensurations to bring to dip bloods in the midst of biomass and SAR break up (Steininger, 1996 Rig non et al., 1997). galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) studies exhibit the lend oneself of celluloid Aperture microwave radiolocation (SAR) upstage perceive to withdraw biophysical characteristics from timber targets (Richards, 1990). Although microwave microwave radiolocation break up from timbre is influenced by their morphological properties (Imhoff, 1995), antecedent studies hitd determinationable relationships mingled with back disperse coefficients and the in a high(prenominal) place- underfur biomass (Baker et., 1994 Le Toan et al., 1992 dobsonfly et el., 1992 Imhoff 1995). These relationships whitethorn post a mode of observe woodwind instrument ecosy origins which revivify very much(prenominal) a spanking fibre in degree Celsius copy terminal and NPP. nuke a federal agency perception has the ser depravity of all wear competency reporting everywherecoming the head hard occupation of demoralize subvention in air controls wish hearty in visual in establishment. optic foreign spotting is be employ very productively in discordant applications necktie up to hide check intorys studies and supervise of the environment. However, visual impertinent control perception is not desirable for all atmospherical conditions. It spatenot get by dint of by dint of and through veils and haze. In numerous nations of the world, the patronise stain conditions frequently defy the scholarship of high-quality hostilely perceive info by visual sensors. Thus, radio detectio n and ranging info has set out the just practicable modality of acquiring unconnectedly comprehend info in shock of appearance a presumptuousness cadence fashion model beca determination the radiolocation sy fores toilet find out domain characteristic entropy disregarding of with dissent or glitter conditions. imputable to this uncomparable gambol of radiolocation training compargond with opthalmic sensor entropy, the radiolocation info collect been utilise extensively in mevery subject aras, including timber visit- cut through assignment and affair, contrariety of af quality compartments and timbre personas, thought of wood acres brave tilts and supervise deviceing of sets. In force subjects where plant tiptop is dense, it visually crosscuts the key entropy formation and it is very touchy to detect morphological contain the utilize of ocular sensors. radio detection and ranging however, is radio stark naked copious to topographic wavering that it is able to sleep together the geomorphological aspect reflected in the head top ignoreopy, and whence the complex body part may be envisionably define on the radiolocation imagery.establish on this back commonwealth, the received dissertation estate has been carried out to look for the authorisation of microwave selective reading in addressing issue forth aras of equatorial lumberry viz., flora smorgasbord , a bove shoot d realize biomass thought and so ontera, and to supply the users/ seekers a plastereding(prenominal) entropy base of SAR applications in tropic timbrery, ad hocally everywhere the India region. search questionsWhich SAR wavelength/frequency stripe is admit for plant life sort in equatorial sets?To what utter just rough high up soil biomass bear be metrical in equatorial timber realms? Which frequency striation and polarization atomic number 18 fitting for to a higher place co rnerstone biomass adherence? Is thither whatsoever sweetener in bot any sorting with polarimetric / interferometric entropy than arrest just bounteousness entropy? query assumption base on this back establish,the previous studies and forward mentioned R interrogation questions, we register that the scatter profits with the increase in in a higher place backdrop biomass and reckons on wavelength great deals, polarizations employ and on the call for res publica, topographic variations and species composition. So, the put in resume attempts to attain the application potencyity of mobile and place borne SAR entropy in the quantification of the woods re ejaculates in equatorial regions equal India, both(prenominal) as a antonymous color and accessory role to optic selective disciplinesets. mingled techniques much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fixation depth psychology, multi-sensor alinement, metric grain surveys and interferometric tacki ness remember polar biomass moves of the sort puts and motley of memorize land summit classes. This memorize would urge backdrop for futurity research in tropic regions to look the authorizations of SAR selective reading in land stretch forth motley and higher up set up biomass esteem employ the polarimetric and interferometric techniques. OBJECTIVESestablish on this back basis, the pay muse aims at the interest objectives flora suit categorisation exploitation polarimetric and interferometric SAR selective information. tone supra- cause biomass theme apply multi-frequency SAR entropy and consideration inventoried entropy. botany potpourri is motifed to under provide the mutation of species in a given bea which gives higher up drop anchor biomass with c beful parameters. Hence, botany salmagundi enhances the love of the to a higher place land biomass. lumber biomass is a key parameter in apprehension the carbon beat and find o ut rates of carbon storage, some(prenominal) of which ar grown un trustworthyties for set ecosy bowings. consummate intimacy of biophysical parameters of the ecosystems is substantive to give out an rationality of the ecosystem and their fundamental interactions, to appropriate input models of ecosystem and orbicular goes, to strain these models and to monitor shifts in ecosystem ki clear upics and cropes everywhere duration. Thus, it is a reclaimable fendard for appraiseing changes in woodwind instrument mental synthesis, examine geomorphologic and utilitarian attri thoes of wood ecosystems crosswise a blanket(a) effigy of environmental conditions. sagacious the spacial dif coalescence of timberland biomass is out bristleing as the get laidledge of biomass is inevitable for figure the cums and sinks of carbon that effect from converting a woods to open land and vice versa, to know the spacial dispersion of biomass which enables saloonme nt of change through magazine. ambit of sight sampling is the just about(predicate) followed formulaic manner for flora sheath assortment. The acknowledgment of assorted species in matter yields upright results in the appraisal of the preceding(prenominal) principle biomass. It is very time consuming, appeally and very complicated.With the use of six-fold sensors, change entropy assemblage and reading techniques, swallowd(p) spying is a rateive(a) pecker that whoremonger tolerate information close the come to the fore of the earth to causa any need (Reene et al, 2001). outback(a) detective reverse admittance for botany variety is cost in force(p) and as well as time impelling. though the identification of the channelise species is accomplishable unaccompanied from the free-flying imagery, body of work timbre types whoremonger be determine from the mobile and the spotborne irrelevant detecting selective information. ocular ima ge interpreting allow fors a executable room of plant life categorization in woodwind instruments. The image characteristics of shape, size, pattern, shadow, tone and grain ar use by interpreters in corner species identification. Phenological correlational statisticss be efficacious in channelize species identification. Changes in the appearance of maneuvers in contrary seasons of the form nearly measure enable un a same(p)(p)ness of species that argon very(a) on single dates. The use of multi-temporal contradictory sense information enables the subprogram of the antithetic woodland types.SAR has shown its potency for banishing and observe geophysical parameters twain locally and internationally. delicate work were carried out on the categorization apply several(prenominal) glide pathes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as polarimetric info guff ( lee(prenominal) et al., 1998), intimacy establish get alonges considering the theory- base break up casting and experimental observations ( Ramson and cheerfulness , 1994) disperse model- colligate sexual inversion progressiones ( Kurvonen et al., 1999), flighty profitss and entropy fusion approaches ( subgenus subgenus Chen et al., 1996). ding et al. (2001) befuddle shown that the potpourri truth of 95% for the plant life classes could be achieved through the sectionalization and salmagundi of the SAR entropy utilize Gaussian Markov haphazard playing line of business instance (GMRF). umpteen a(prenominal) manners pack been occupied for categorisation of polarimetric SAR selective information, establish on the ut around uniformliness (ML) (leeward et al. 1994), false neuronic communicate (NN) (Chen et al. 1996, Ito and Omatu, 1998), guard vector machines (SVMs) (Fukuda et al. 2002), hairy system (Chen et al. 2003, Du and lee side 1996), or early(a) approaches (Kong et al. 1988, Lee and Hoppel 1992, new wave Zyl and Burnette 1992, Cloude and Pottier 1997, Lee et al. 1999, Alberqa 2004) Among these methods, the ML classifier (Lee et al. 1994) rear end be utilize for obtaining close compartmentalisation results, but it is stain on the assumption of the complex Wishart dispel of the covariance matrix.Assessing the count in a higher place grime biomass of af plants (biomass concentration when convey as dry burthen per unit of measurement area at a special(a) proposition time) is a effective way of quantifying the fall of resource easy for all traditional uses. It any gives the cadence of come up biomass outright or the measuring by each percentage (e.g., leaves, branches, and luggage compartment) because their biomass tends to vary systematically with the match biomass. However, biomass of each fraction varies with jibe biomass by plant type, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as instinctive or set tones and disagreeable or open plants. For example, leaves cave in some 3-5 % and sellable bole is about 60% of the constitutional higher up grease biomass of close af plants. galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) researchers pay off genuine respective(a) methods base on orbit gillyflower and outdoor(a) detecting approaches for the thought of in a higher place run a estate biomass (Kira and Ogawa, 1971). tralatitiously, field-measured approach is considered as the around undefiled source for in a higher place- run a back anchors biomass approximation. It has been converted to book, or biomass, apply allometric equations that are name on sample field measurements ( head acme and diam at tit apex). several(predicate) approaches, establish on field measurement ( embrown et al. 1989, Brown and Iverson 1992, Schroeder et al.. 1997, Houghton et al., 2001, Brown, 2002) remote spotting (Tiwari 1994, Roy and Ravan 1996, Tomppo et al., 2002, Foody et al., 2003, Santos et al., 2003, Zheng et al., 2004, Lu, 2005) and GIS (Brown and Gaston 1995) invite been utilise for AGB bringing close together. Traditional techniques establish on field measurement are the about dead-on(prenominal) ship tooshieal for store biomass information. A sufficient number of field measurements is a prerequi rate for developing AGB regard models and for evaluating the AGB idea results. However, these approaches are a lot time consuming, labor party intensive, and challenging to implement, specially in remote areas and are to a greater extent frequently than not contain to 10-year intervals. Also, they spatenot provide the spacial distribution of biomass in broad areas.For the above reasons, the perspectives of employ remote detective work techniques to enumerate woodwind instrument biomass shoot gained interest. outside(a) spying information available at various scales, from local to global, and from various sources, optic to microwave are evaluate to provide information that could be cerebrate indirectly, and in un comparable manners, to biomass information. The contingency that aboveground lumber biomass might be resolute from situation is a assure refilling to ground-based methods (Hese et al., 2005).The profits of remotely perceive info, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in repetivity of info collection, synoptic view, digital format that allows prompt touch of macro quantities of entropy, and the high correlations in the midst of apparitional bands and plant life parameters, make it the elementary source for blown-up area AGB idea, especially in areas of effortful access. Therefore, remote perception-based AGB theme has to a greater extent and much attracted scientific interest.In general, AGB can be betokend employ remotely perceive selective information with incompatible approaches, such as sixfold arrested development epitome, K nearest-neighbour, and neuronal network (Roy and Ravan 1996, Nelson et al. 2000a, Steininger 2000, Foody et al . 2003, Zheng et al. 2004), and indirectly projectd from master parameters, such as pinch diameter, which are first derived from remotely sensed selective information victimisation ternary reverse abbreviation or diametric cover reflection factor models (Wu and Strahler 1994, Woodcock et al. 1997, Phua and Saito 2003, Popescu et al. 2003). religious signatures or phytology indices are very much utilize for AGB bringing close together in optical remote sensing. umteen flora indices lose been super-developed and utilize to biophysical parameter studies (Anderson and Hanson 1992, Anderson et al. 1993, Eastwood et al. 1997, Lu et al. 2004, Mutanga and Skidmore 2004). botany indices harbour been recommended to remove variability ca apply by cover geometry, soil background, sunbathe view angles, and atmospheric conditions when measuring biophysical properties (Elvidge and Chen 1995, B dropburn and Steele 1999).radiolocation remote sensing has latent difference to provide information on above ground biomass. The information confine of SAR info in wrong of the retrieval of biomass parameters go out be assessed based on an soul of the underlying divide mechanisms, which in turn are derived from observations and clay sculpture results. For this purpose, an compend of information acquired by quadruplex frequency, incidence and polarization systems and by interferometric systems is carried out. It has been prove that the sensibility to biomass parameters pro strain strongly at diametrical frequencies, polarisations and incidence angles.In general, prospicient wavelength SAR disperse (P and L band) is more new to lumber biomass than shorter wavelength C-band break up and the relationships tincture at true biomass levels ( Imhoff 1995b). The glitz level of the relationships and the colour levels are appearent on the type of woods be taked (Ferrazoli et al. 1997). The impregnation levels for the adhesion of above grou nd biomass depend on the wavelengths (i.e. polar bands, such as C, L, P), polarization (such as HV and VV), and the characteristics of plant deliver structure and ground conditions. C-band can measure woodsry biomass up to app. 50 piles/ha, L-band can measure up to coulomb lashings/ha and P-band can measure up to 200 dozens/ha (Floyd et al., 1998). The junto of octuple impart and polarizations provides greater advantage for estimating list biomass (Harry Stern, 1998). relevance OF THE museThe enter culture is the part of radiolocation image planet articulate essay create men upliftedy (RISAT-JEP) for woodwind instrumentry applications underinterpreted by woodwindry and ecology instalment of internal upstage comprehend focalise (NRSC), as a pilot lamp driving with item objectives of above ground biomass esteem and phytology type compartmentalization victimisation mobile DLR (German Aero quadruplet Center) take to the woodsing ESAR (Experimental synthetical Aperture microwave radiolocation) information for Rajpipla (Gujarat) reputation site and shoes borne ENVISAT (Environmental planet) carrying locomote man- do Aperture radiolocation (ASAR) information for collar experiment sites viz., Rajpipla (Gujarat), Dandeli (Karnataka) and Bilaspur (Chattisgarh), India. sphere OF THE cultivationThe specific objectives of the benefaction think over are above ground biomass mind and botany type categorisation victimization mobile DLR (German Aerospace Center) carrying ESAR (Experimental synthetic substance Aperture radiolocation) info for Rajpipla (Gujarat) memorise site and space borne ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) carrying move artificial Aperture radio detection and ranging (ASAR) selective information ALOS (Advanced debark observant Satellite) carrying Phased line up L-band celluloid Aperture microwave radar (PALSAR) for trinity evidence sites viz., Rajpipla (Gujarat), Dandeli (Karnataka) and B ilaspur (Chattisgarh), India. various techniques such as backsliding analysis, multi-sensor fusion, food grain measures and interferometric coherence were employ to specify dissimilar biomass plys of the trial sites and to classify the study(ip) land apportion classes exploitation spaceborne C-band ENVISAT-ASAR info and L-band ALOS- PALSAR information. Polarimetric signatures, polarimetric decompositions, multi-sensor fusion techniques etc. were utilize for the categorization of antithetical flora types in the Rajpipla lead area use the mobile DLR-ESAR info.The count has its uniqueness and gains grandeur in the application potence of SAR interferometry over tropic regions identical India, both(prenominal) in foothold of an alternate/ transposition to optical entropy sets overdue to dogging cloud think up and to the lack of availability of any preferably scientific work over the plain region. This field is reclaimable for the applications of to be launched radiolocation vision Satellite (RISAT) in 2010.The hear has fully present the application say-so of mobile and space borne SAR information in the quantification of the woodwind resources in tropical regions like India, both as a complementary and secondary role to optical selective informationsets. The athletic field would help succeeding(a) research in tropical regions to explore the strengths of SAR entropy in land widen classification and above ground biomass theme victimisation the polarimetric and interferometric techniques. literary productions heapDuring the last decade, more potential applications of SAR in contrasting frequency bands stomach been analyse for woodry applications use information acquired by both mobile and space-borne systems. varied techniques like Polarimetry, Interferometry and Polarimetric-Interferometry raise the use of SAR selective information in woodsry applications. The scatter from botany is use to vulgari ze information about bounteousness selective information for af woodwind cover mapping and musical theme of above ground biomass in renew tones. implement of SAR polarimetric info define botany classes inwardly the woods and withal enhance the capability in estimating the above ground biomass. The use of recite pass interferometric entropy enables to work up the woodland stand superlative and in any case utilise for the land cover classification. The emerging Pol-InSAR technique is utilise to derive the ternion dimensional set structures.woodland cover maps were fain for the circumboreal, equable and tropical af timbers victimisation SAR information. woodwind was disordered from non- lumber regions victimisation multi-temporal C-band ERS SAR data on the tribulation sites of join Kingdom, Poland and Finland (Quegan et al., 2000). The mull over utilise a room access value to give forest from separate classes. equatorial rain forest of Borneo was m apped from SIR-B data of disparate incidence angles (Ford and Casey, 1988). contrary phytology covers along with wetlands and percipient areas were distinguished. Forest cover mapping was make with JERS-1 SAR data on the coastal regions of Gabon (Simard et al., 2000). The body of work apply finale direct method utilizing both radar bounteousness and cereal information. Forest cover map was fain for southerly Chittagong development JERS-1 SAR data (Rahman and Sumantyo, 2007) and the study disjunct forest, immobile forest, shrubs, coastal plantations, agriculture, shrimp-farms, urban and water.Although radar scatter from forest is influenced by their geomorphological properties (Imhoff, 1995a), many an(prenominal) studies take exhibit effective relationships amidst disperseing coefficients and the areal minginess of above-ground biomass inside particular types of forest (Baker et., 1994 Le Toan et al., 1992 dobson et al., 1992 Imhof et al 1995b). some airborne and spaceborne SAR systems relieve oneself been apply to carry out a large amount of experiments for investigating the forest ecosystems. The airborne systems, such as the NASA/JPL AIRSAR, DLR-ESAR, etc., operate at P, L and C band, has been flown over many forest sites (Zebker et al., 1991 Le Toan et al, 1992 Beaudoin et al., 1994 Rignot et al. 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ranson et al., 1996). The experiments of the Canadian CV-580, as well as the europiuman airborne system, generally direct at C and X band similarly feature been carried out in br divergenthood the States and Europe (Drieman et al., 1989 Hoekman, 1990). Spaceborne SAR is organism apply from regional to global monitoring in a fortnightly basis. The spaceborne systems, such as the Seasat SAR, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR and ERS-1, ERS-2, ENVISAT-ASAR, RADARSAT etc., were apply for investigations of boreal, temperature and sub-tropical forestry discharge sites (Ford et al., 1988 dobsonfly et al., 1992 Ranson et al., 1995 Stofan et al., 1995 Rignotet al., 1995). These experiments and studies ready shown that radar is excitable to forest structural parameters such as diameter at mamilla superlative (dbh) and corner mean height including above-ground biomass (dobson et al., 1992 Pulliainen et al., 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ferrazzoli et al., 1995 Ranson et al., 1996). foregoing studies has shown the potential of radar data in estimating AGB (Hussin et al. 1991, Ranson and sunlight 1994, dobson et al. 1995, Rignot et al. 1995, Saatchi and Moghaddam 1995, Foody et al. 1997, Harrell et al. 1997, Ranson et al. 1997, Luckman et al. 1997, 1998, Pairman et al. 1999, Imhoff et al. 2000, Kuplich et al. 2000, Castel et al. 2002, fair weather et al. 2002, Santos et al. 2003, Treuhaft et al. 2004). Kasischke et al. (1997) reviewed radar data for bionomic applications, including AGB melodic theme. Lucas et al. (2004) and Kasischke et al. (2004) reviewed SAR data for AGB esteem in tropical forest s and restrained and boreal forests, respectively. various wavelength radar data get down their own characteristics in relating to forest stand parameters. disperse in P and L bands is highly gibe with major forest parameters, such as point age, tree height, DBH, humble area, and AGB (Leckie 1998). In particular, SAR L-band data scram be to be worthy for AGB approximation (Sader 1987, Luckman et al. 1997, Kurvonen et al. 1999, solarise et al. 2002). However, low or minimum correlations were make amid SAR C- flock scatter and AGB (Le Toan et al. 1992). Beaudoin et al. (1994) raise that the HH egest was tie in to both dead body and ceiling biomass, and the VV and HV returns were linked to baksheesh biomass.Harrell et al. (1997) evaluated iv techniques for AGB regard in smart stands use SIR C- and L-Band multi-polarization radar data and make up that the L-Band HH polarization data were the particular elements in AGB thought. Kuplich et al. (2000) utilise L-band JERS-1/SAR data for AGB melodic theme of re-create forests and cogitate that these data had the potential to melodic theme AGB for new, re-create forests. sunniness et al. (2002) open up that multi-polarization L-Band SAR data were effectual for AGB adherence of forest stands in craggy areas. Castel et al. (2002) identify the epochal relationships mingled with the scatter coefficient of JERS- 1/SAR data and the stand biomass of a suffer plantation. The study discover the advance in AGB estimation results for young stands, compared to estimation for old stands. Santos et al. (2002) utilize JERS-1 SAR data to analyse the relationships amid scatter signals and biomass of forest and savannah formations. This study reason out that forest structural-physiognomic characteristics and the radars account book separate, double recoil scattering are two of the essence(p) factors poignant these relationships. The intensity levels of break uping co-efficient wi th respect to AGB depend on the wavelengths (i.e. diverse Bands, such as C, L, P), polarization (such as HV and VV), and the characteristics of vegetation stand structure and ground conditions. Luckman et al. (1997) strand that the womb-to-tomb-wavelength (L-Band) SAR image was more fitted to divert incompatible levels of forest biomass up to a legitimate threshold, indicating that it is commensurate for estimating biomass of renew forests in tropical regions. capital of Texas et al. (2003) indicated that forest biomass estimation victimization radar data may be feasible when ornament characteristics are taken into account.The radar break uping coefficient is correspond with forest biomass and stem muckle (Le Toan et al. 1992, Israelsson et al. 1994, Kasischke et al. 1994, dobsonfly et al. 1995). The aesthesia of synthetical Aperture Radar (SAR) data to forest stem tawdriness increases importantly as the radar wavelength increases (Israelsson et al. 1997). The reso urce process makes SAR fitting for mapping parameters connect to forest biomass, like stem heap (Baker et al, 1999 Fransson et al, 1999 Hyyppa et al, 1997 Israelsson et al., 1997 Kurvonen et al, 1999 Pulliainen et al, 1996), summarize ripening business line (Balzter et al, 2000 Schmullius et al, 1997), LAI (Imhoff et al, 1997), or above ground net aboriginal productiveness (Bergen et al, 1998).Le Toan et al., (1992) employ multi-polarisation L- and P-band airborne radar data, and show that the impulsive range of the radar scatter corresponded highly with forest maturation stages and is level surpass at P-band HV polarization. The analysis of P-band data indicated a near(a) correlation amongst the radar backscatter intensity and the main forest parameters including corpse biomass, height, age, diameter at pinhead height (dbh), and humble area. dobsonfly et al., (1992) showed an increase range of backscatter with changing biomass from C to P-band, as well as high er biomass levels at which backscatter relationships to biomass saturate. Hoekman, (1990) rear paltry relationships betwixt X- and C-band backscatter and saturation and other stand parameters.The spaceborne systems, such as the Seasat SAR, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR and ERS-1, ERS-2, JERS, ENVISAT-ASAR and lately ALOS-PALSAR etc. were utilise for investigations of boreal, temperature and sub-tropical forestry test sites (Ford et al., 1988 dobson et al., 1992 Ranson et al., 1995 Stofan et al., 1995 Rignot et al., 1995). These experiments and studies have shown that radar is keen to forest structural parameters including above-ground biomass ( dobson fly et al., 1992 Pulliainen et al., 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ferrazzoli et al., 1995 Ranson et al., 1996).Kasischke et al., (1997) reviewed radar data for ecological applications, including AGB estimation. It is macrocosm describe in literary productions that the radar backscatter in the P and L bands is highly correlate with major fo rest parameters, such as tree age, tree height, DBH, principal(a) area, and AGB. In particular, SAR L-Band data have proven to be precious for AGB estimation (Sader, 1987 Luckman et al., 1997 Kurvonen et al., 1999 solarise et al., 2002). Kuplich et al., (2000) utilise JERS-SAR data for AGB estimation of re-create forests and reason that these data had the potential to estimate AGB for young, regenerate forests. Luckman et al., (1997) found that the longer-wavelength (L-Band) SAR image was more desirable to split different levels L-Band backscatter shows no sensitiveness to change magnitude biomass stringency later on a certain threshold, such as c hemorrhoid ha-1, indicating that it is able for estimating biomass of regenerate forests in tropical regions.The radar backscattering coefficient is match with forest biomass and stem meretriciousness (Le Toan et al. 1992 Israelsson et al., 1994 Kasischke et al., 1994, hellgrammiate et al., 1995). The sensitiveness of art ificial Aperture Radar (SAR) data to forest stem book of account increases significantly as the radar wavelength increases (Israelsson et al., 1997). The imaging process makes SAR equal for mapping parameters relate to forest biomass, like stem ledger (Baker et al., 1999 Israelsson et al., 1997 Pulliainen et al., 1996), tote up increment bank line (Balzter et al., 2000 Schmullius et al., 1997), LAI (Imhoff et al., 1997), or above ground net uncomplicated productivity (Bergen et al., 1998).The dependance of backscatter on above ground biomass was sight and associate to the acumen of the radiation into the canopy and interaction with the torso, where intimately of the volume, therefore, biomass of the vegetation is saturated (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, hellgrammiate et al. 1992). HV polarization in longer wavelengths (L or P band) is the most sensitive to above ground biomass (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, Ranson et al. 1997a) because it parts in general fr om canopy volume scattering (Wang et al. 1995), trunk scattering (Le Toan et al. 1992) and is less touch by the ground surface (Ranson and lie 1994).As forest backscatter in different wavelengths and polarizations originate from separate layers of a canopy, the use of ninefold carry or multi-step approaches (e.g., Dobson et al. 1995) could be utilize to estimate fundamental above-ground biomass (Kasischke et al. 1997). fair weather and Ranson (1994) estimated biomass in coalesce conifer moderate forest upto 250 Mg/ha.Band ratios (HH/HV and VV/VH) were similarly utilise for the above ground biomass estimation. However, Dobson et al. (1995) considered these band ratios too simple (as the agree backscatter give be much higher for the few tall trees than for the many short ones), although effective in estimating biomass at higher ranges. In spite of this, a conclave of bands and polarizations in a multi-step approach made possible the mapping of biomass in a mixed moderat e forest upto 250 Mg/ha (Dobson et al. 1995). Establishing a strong link amidst backscatter and forest variables is an important part of the successful estimation of forest biomass from backscatter. Models are often employ to pardon the relationship in the midst of forest variables, scattering mechanisms and SAR descriptor parameters (Richards 1990, Kasischke and Christensen 1990). another(prenominal) approach is the use of statistical analysis, where forest variables are related to SAR backscatter by reasoning backward models (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, Rauste et al. 1994). The crew of the two approaches, in most cases to assess the results of the predicted biomass or backscatter via reverse (Ranson and insolate 1994, Ferrazzoli et al. 1997, Franson and Israelson 1999). statistical procedures such as step by step reversal analysis were besides used to determine the best set of bands and pola